Class 12 Psychology
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Class 12 Psychology

Class 12 Psychology - NCERT Solutions

Chapter-wise Analysis

Chapter 1: Variations in Psychological Attributes

Key Topics:

  • Individual Differences
  • Assessment of Psychological Attributes
  • Intelligence
  • Multiple Intelligences
  • Emotional Intelligence
  • Creativity

Formulas:

IQ = (Mental Age / Chronological Age) * 100

Examples:

Individual Mental Age (years) Chronological Age (years) IQ
A 15 12 125
B 10 10 100

Explanation:

  1. Individual Differences: Variations in psychological attributes among individuals.
  2. Assessment of Psychological Attributes: Methods to assess attributes like intelligence, aptitude, personality, etc.
  3. Intelligence: Concept and measurement of intelligence using IQ formula.
  4. Multiple Intelligences: Gardner's theory includes linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, musical, etc.
  5. Emotional Intelligence: Ability to perceive, control, and evaluate emotions.
  6. Creativity: Ability to produce novel and valuable ideas.

Chapter 2: Self and Personality

Key Topics:

  • Concept of Self
  • Cognitive and Behavioural Aspects
  • Culture and Self
  • Personality
  • Theories of Personality

Theories:

  • Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory
  • Trait Approach
  • Humanistic Approach

Examples:

  1. Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory: Id, Ego, and Superego.
  2. Trait Approach: Big Five Personality Traits - Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism.
  3. Humanistic Approach: Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs.

Chapter 3: Meeting Life Challenges

Key Topics:

  • Nature and Types of Stress
  • Effects of Stress
  • Coping with Stress
  • Promoting Positive Health and Well-being

Coping Strategies:

  • Problem-focused coping
  • Emotion-focused coping

Examples:

Stressor Problem-focused Coping Emotion-focused Coping
Academic Pressure Time Management Seeking Emotional Support
Relationship Issues Conflict Resolution Techniques Meditation and Relaxation

Chapter 4: Psychological Disorders

Key Topics:

  • Concept of Abnormality and Psychological Disorders
  • Classification of Disorders
  • Major Psychological Disorders
  • Etiology and Treatment

Major Disorders:

  • Anxiety Disorders
  • Mood Disorders
  • Schizophrenia
  • Developmental Disorders

Examples:

  1. Anxiety Disorders: Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD), Panic Disorder.
  2. Mood Disorders: Major Depressive Disorder, Bipolar Disorder.
  3. Schizophrenia: Symptoms include delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech.
  4. Developmental Disorders: Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD).

Chapter 5: Therapeutic Approaches

Key Topics:

  • Nature and Process of Therapy
  • Types of Therapies
  • Therapeutic Relationship

Types of Therapies:

  • Psychoanalytic Therapy
  • Behaviour Therapy
  • Cognitive Therapy
  • Humanistic Therapy

Examples:

Therapy Type Key Techniques Focus
Psychoanalytic Free Association, Dream Analysis Unconscious Conflicts
Behaviour Systematic Desensitization, Reinforcement Changing Maladaptive Behaviours
Cognitive Cognitive Restructuring, CBT Changing Negative Thought Patterns
Humanistic Client-Centered Therapy, Gestalt Therapy Self-Actualization

Chapter 6: Attitude and Social Cognition

Key Topics:

  • Nature and Components of Attitudes
  • Attitude Formation and Change
  • Social Cognition
  • Schemas and Stereotypes

Formulas:

Attitude Score = Σ (belief strength * evaluation of belief)

Examples:

Belief Strength (1-5) Evaluation (1-5) Attitude Score
Importance of Recycling 4 5 20
Use of Public Transport 3 4 12

Explanation:

  1. Nature and Components of Attitudes: ABC Model - Affective, Behavioural, and Cognitive components.
  2. Attitude Formation and Change: Learning theories, persuasion techniques.
  3. Social Cognition: How people process, store, and apply information about others.
  4. Schemas and Stereotypes: Mental structures influencing perception and behavior.

Chapter 7: Social Influence and Group Processes

Key Topics:

  • Conformity, Compliance, and Obedience
  • Group Processes
  • Intergroup Conflict
  • Cooperation and Competition

Examples:

  1. Conformity: Adjusting behaviors or beliefs to align with group norms.
  2. Compliance: Responding to a direct request from others.
  3. Obedience: Following orders from an authority figure.

Chapter 8: Psychology and Life

Key Topics:

  • Human-Environment Relationship
  • Environmental Stress
  • Human Factors and Engineering Psychology

Examples:

Environmental Stressor Psychological Impact Coping Mechanism
Noise Pollution Increased Stress, Anxiety Noise-Canceling Headphones
Overcrowding Decreased Personal Space Creating Personal Boundaries

Chapter 9: Developing Psychological Skills

Key Topics:

  • Cognitive Skills
  • Interpersonal Skills
  • Effective Communication
  • Decision Making

Examples:

  1. Cognitive Skills: Critical Thinking, Problem Solving.
  2. Interpersonal Skills: Active Listening, Empathy.
  3. Effective Communication: Verbal and Non-Verbal Communication.
  4. Decision Making: Identifying Options, Evaluating Pros and Cons.

Class 12 Psychology Solutions of NCERT Books

Class 12 Psychology Chapters