NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry
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NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry

This comprehensive guide covers detailed NCERT solutions for all chapters in the Class 12 Chemistry textbook. Each chapter includes explanations, important concepts, solved examples, and practice questions to help students excel in their exams.

Chapter 1: The Solid State

This chapter explains the structure of solids, including types of crystalline and amorphous solids, unit cells, and packing in solids. It also covers important concepts such as imperfections in solids and electrical properties of solids.

  • Topics Covered: Classification of Solids, Crystal Lattices and Unit Cells, Packing Efficiency, Defects in Solids, Electrical and Magnetic Properties.
  • Important Questions: Explain the types of unit cells. What are the defects in solids?
  • Practice Problems: Calculate the packing efficiency in a simple cubic lattice. Explain the significance of F-centers.

Chapter 2: Solutions

This chapter deals with the properties of solutions, types of solutions, and various methods to express the concentration of solutions. It also includes concepts such as Raoult's Law, ideal and non-ideal solutions, and colligative properties.

  • Topics Covered: Types of Solutions, Concentration of Solutions, Solubility, Vapour Pressure of Liquid Solutions, Colligative Properties.
  • Important Questions: What is Raoult's Law? Explain colligative properties with examples.
  • Practice Problems: Calculate the molality of a solution containing 10g of solute in 500g of solvent. Explain the depression in freezing point.

Chapter 3: Electrochemistry

This chapter introduces the concepts of electrochemical cells, galvanic cells, and electrolytic cells. It also covers important topics such as the Nernst equation, conductance of electrolytic solutions, and electrochemical series.

  • Topics Covered: Electrochemical Cells, Galvanic Cells, Electrolytic Cells, Nernst Equation, Conductance of Electrolytic Solutions, Batteries, Fuel Cells, Corrosion.
  • Important Questions: Explain the working of a galvanic cell. What is the Nernst equation?
  • Practice Problems: Calculate the cell potential using the Nernst equation. Discuss the factors affecting the conductivity of electrolytes.

Chapter 4: Chemical Kinetics

This chapter covers the rate of chemical reactions, factors affecting the rate, and the concept of order and molecularity of reactions. It also includes topics like the Arrhenius equation and collision theory.

  • Topics Covered: Rate of Reaction, Factors Affecting Rate of Reaction, Order and Molecularity, Integrated Rate Equations, Collision Theory, Arrhenius Equation.
  • Important Questions: Define the rate of reaction. Explain the Arrhenius equation.
  • Practice Problems: Determine the order of a reaction given the rate law. Explain the concept of activation energy.

Chapter 5: Surface Chemistry

This chapter discusses adsorption, colloids, and catalysis. It explains the various types of adsorption, properties of colloidal solutions, and the mechanism of catalysis.

  • Topics Covered: Adsorption, Colloids, Catalysis, Emulsions, Applications of Colloids.
  • Important Questions: What is adsorption? Explain the types of colloids.
  • Practice Problems: Discuss the applications of colloids in industry. Explain the role of catalysts in chemical reactions.

Chapter 6: General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements

This chapter covers the principles and methods of extraction of metals from their ores. It includes topics such as concentration of ores, reduction, and refining of metals.

  • Topics Covered: Occurrence of Metals, Concentration of Ores, Extraction of Crude Metal from Concentrated Ore, Thermodynamic Principles of Metallurgy, Electrochemical Principles of Metallurgy, Refining.
  • Important Questions: Explain the steps involved in the extraction of metals. What are the methods of refining metals?
  • Practice Problems: Describe the process of concentration of ores. Explain the thermodynamic principles involved in metallurgy.

Chapter 7: The p-Block Elements

This chapter focuses on the properties and compounds of group 15, 16, 17, and 18 elements. It covers the trends in their physical and chemical properties, and the preparation and properties of some important compounds.

  • Topics Covered: Group 15 Elements, Group 16 Elements, Group 17 Elements, Group 18 Elements, Preparation and Properties of Important Compounds.
  • Important Questions: Discuss the trends in the chemical properties of group 16 elements. Explain the preparation of ammonia.
  • Practice Problems: Describe the properties of noble gases. Explain the significance of interhalogen compounds.

Chapter 8: The d- and f-Block Elements

This chapter discusses the properties and compounds of transition and inner transition elements. It includes topics like the general trends in their properties, the preparation and properties of important compounds, and the lanthanoid and actinoid contraction.

  • Topics Covered: General Properties of the d-Block Elements, Preparation and Properties of Some Important Compounds, General Properties of the f-Block Elements, Lanthanoids, Actinoids.
  • Important Questions: Explain the lanthanoid contraction. Discuss the properties of transition metals.
  • Practice Problems: Describe the preparation of potassium dichromate. Explain the significance of the actinoid contraction.

Chapter 9: Coordination Compounds

This chapter covers the structure, bonding, and properties of coordination compounds. It includes topics like Werner's theory, VBT, CFT, and the nomenclature of coordination compounds.

  • Topics Covered: Werner's Theory, Nomenclature of Coordination Compounds, Isomerism, Bonding in Coordination Compounds, VBT, CFT, Importance of Coordination Compounds.
  • Important Questions: Explain Werner's theory. Discuss the crystal field theory.
  • Practice Problems: Name the following coordination compounds. Explain the role of ligands in coordination compounds.

Chapter 10: Haloalkanes and Haloarenes

This chapter discusses the classification, nomenclature, and reactions of haloalkanes and haloarenes. It also covers the preparation, properties, and uses of these compounds.

  • Topics Covered: Classification, Nomenclature, Methods of Preparation, Physical and Chemical Properties, Uses of Haloalkanes and Haloarenes.
  • Important Questions: Discuss the preparation of haloalkanes. Explain the nucleophilic substitution reactions of haloaren es.
  • Practice Problems: Describe the properties of chloroform. Explain the importance of haloalkanes in organic synthesis.

Chapter 11: Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers

This chapter covers the structure, nomenclature, and properties of alcohols, phenols, and ethers. It includes topics like methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, and the uses of these compounds.

  • Topics Covered: Nomenclature, Methods of Preparation, Physical and Chemical Properties, Uses of Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers.
  • Important Questions: Explain the methods of preparation of alcohols. Discuss the acidity of phenols.
  • Practice Problems: Describe the properties of methanol. Explain the Williamson synthesis of ethers.

Chapter 12: Aldehydes, Ketones, and Carboxylic Acids

This chapter focuses on the structure, nomenclature, and reactions of aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acids. It also includes the preparation and properties of these compounds.

  • Topics Covered: Nomenclature, Structure, Methods of Preparation, Physical and Chemical Properties, Uses of Aldehydes, Ketones, and Carboxylic Acids.
  • Important Questions: Discuss the preparation of aldehydes. Explain the reactivity of carboxylic acids.
  • Practice Problems: Describe the properties of acetone. Explain the mechanism of nucleophilic addition reactions.

Chapter 13: Amines

This chapter covers the classification, nomenclature, and reactions of amines. It includes the methods of preparation, properties, and uses of amines.

  • Topics Covered: Classification, Nomenclature, Methods of Preparation, Physical and Chemical Properties, Uses of Amines.
  • Important Questions: Explain the classification of amines. Discuss the basicity of amines.
  • Practice Problems: Describe the properties of aniline. Explain the Gabriel phthalimide synthesis.

Chapter 14: Biomolecules

This chapter discusses the structure and functions of carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, vitamins, and hormones. It also covers the classification and properties of these biomolecules.

  • Topics Covered: Carbohydrates, Proteins, Enzymes, Vitamins, Nucleic Acids, Hormones.
  • Important Questions: Discuss the classification of carbohydrates. Explain the structure of DNA.
  • Practice Problems: Describe the properties of proteins. Explain the role of enzymes in biochemical reactions.

Chapter 15: Polymers

This chapter covers the classification, types, and properties of polymers. It includes the methods of polymerization, the structure of some important polymers, and their applications.

  • Topics Covered: Classification of Polymers, Types of Polymerization Reactions, Molecular Mass of Polymers, Structure and Properties of Polymers, Applications of Polymers.
  • Important Questions: Explain the classification of polymers. Discuss the properties of synthetic polymers.
  • Practice Problems: Describe the methods of polymerization. Explain the significance of biodegradable polymers.

Chapter 16: Chemistry in Everyday Life

This chapter discusses the application of chemistry in daily life. It covers topics like drugs and their classification, chemicals in food, and cleansing agents.

  • Topics Covered: Drugs and Their Classification, Therapeutic Action of Different Classes of Drugs, Chemicals in Food, Cleansing Agents.
  • Important Questions: Discuss the classification of drugs. Explain the role of chemicals in food preservation.
  • Practice Problems: Describe the properties of soaps and detergents. Explain the therapeutic action of antibiotics.

Chemistry Chapters